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Food additives (E-numbers) guide

Ever wondered what "E330" or "E621" on a label actually means? Below we group the additives most commonly found in food by function and, for each, explain what it is, its EFSA safe-intake limit and risk context — with sources.

Containing an additive is not the same as being harmed by the product. A hazard is a substance’s theoretical potential to cause harm; risk depends on the actual amount you are exposed to. Rather than stamping additives with fear-based labels, NeBu explains them with sourced information — and leaves the decision to you.

Colouring

Adds colour to food or restores colour lost during processing.

Preservative

Extends shelf life by slowing mould, yeast and bacterial growth.

Antioxidant / acidity regulator

Delays rancidity and discolouration, and regulates the product’s acidity (pH).

Thickener / emulsifier / stabiliser

Provides texture and helps ingredients such as water and oil stay mixed.

Acidity regulator / anti-caking agent

Balances pH, helps dough rise, or stops powdered products from clumping.

Flavour enhancer

Strengthens the food’s own taste, especially the savoury "umami" note.

Sweetener / glazing agent

Provides sweetness in place of sugar (usually calorie-free) or adds surface gloss.

How NeBu calculates the score →What is an E-number, should we be afraid? →