Food additives (E-numbers) guide
Ever wondered what "E330" or "E621" on a label actually means? Below we group the additives most commonly found in food by function and, for each, explain what it is, its EFSA safe-intake limit and risk context — with sources.
Containing an additive is not the same as being harmed by the product. A hazard is a substance’s theoretical potential to cause harm; risk depends on the actual amount you are exposed to. Rather than stamping additives with fear-based labels, NeBu explains them with sourced information — and leaves the decision to you.
Colouring
Adds colour to food or restores colour lost during processing.
- E102Tartrazine
- E104Quinoline Yellow
- E110Sunset Yellow FCF
- E120Carmine (Cochineal)
- E122Carmoisine (Azorubine)
- E124Ponceau 4R
- E129Allura Red AC
- E150APlain caramel
- E150BCaustic sulphite caramel
- E150CAmmonia caramel
- E150DSulphite ammonia caramel
- E160ACarotene
- E160BAnnatto (Norbixin)
- E163Anthocyanins
- E171Titanium dioxide
Preservative
Extends shelf life by slowing mould, yeast and bacterial growth.
- E200Sorbic acid
- E202Potassium sorbate
- E211Sodium benzoate
- E220Sulphur dioxide
- E221Sodium sulphite
- E222Sodium hydrogen sulphite
- E223Sodium metabisulphite
- E224Potassium metabisulphite
- E225Potassium sulphite
- E226Calcium sulphite
- E227Calcium hydrogen sulphite
- E228Potassium hydrogen sulphite
- E249Potassium nitrite
- E250Sodium nitrite
- E251Sodium nitrate
Antioxidant / acidity regulator
Delays rancidity and discolouration, and regulates the product’s acidity (pH).
Thickener / emulsifier / stabiliser
Provides texture and helps ingredients such as water and oil stay mixed.
Acidity regulator / anti-caking agent
Balances pH, helps dough rise, or stops powdered products from clumping.
Flavour enhancer
Strengthens the food’s own taste, especially the savoury "umami" note.
Sweetener / glazing agent
Provides sweetness in place of sugar (usually calorie-free) or adds surface gloss.